Injection-locked Fabry-Perot Laser Diode Research Articles

Reconfigurable all-optical bistability/tristability in dual injection-locked Fabry-Perot laser diodes.

In this Letter, we present a detailed theoretical and experimental investigation of optical bistability and tristability in dual injection-locked Fabry-Perot laser diodes. The proposed device can be reconfigured between the bistable and tristable regimes, simply by adjusting the power level of the injected control optical signal. The tristability presented in the experiment is achieved for relatively low optical input powers between 1.03 and 1.25 mW, with the output signal ratio of up to 7 dB between stable states. Such a device is a potential candidate for designing trits, a bit analogy in ternary computational logic.

Radio Over Fiber-Based Wavelength Division Multiplexed/Time Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network Architecture Employing Mutual Injection Locked Fabry-Perot Laser Diodes

Abstract We demonstrate a radio-over-fiber-based hybrid wavelength-division-multiplexed/time division multiplexed passive optical network (PON) to transmit 5 Gbps data rate to serve 32 subscribers. A broadband light source (BLS) is realized by mutual injection locking between two Fabry-Perot laser diodes at the transmission section to seed wavelength-division-multiplexed channels. Mutual injection locking technique is used to enhance the performance over single Fabry-Perot laser diode and 15  dB/Hz improvements in relative intensity noise(RIN) is realized in our proposed network system. All-optical up-conversion of a 10-GHz 1.25 Gbps on off keying radio frequency (RF) signal is achieved using one single-arm Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM). Transmission performance over 25-km single mode fiber is investigated. Low bit error rate with enhanced eye-diagram is obtained in our proposed system. As a result, the radio over fiber (ROF)-based wavelength-division-multiplexed/time division multiplexed PON set up employing mutually injection locked Fabry-Perot laser diodes can be a better choice in high speed long-haul optical communication system.

Total Harmonic Modulation Distortion of an Injection-Locked Fabry-Perot Laser Diode Directly Modulated by a Multi-harmonic RF Signal

This paper describes effects of low-level light injection into a directly modulated Fabry-Perot laser diode on the external total harmonic modulation distortion when the external fundamental modulating signal is multi-harmonic contaminated. Necessary theory of the injected FPLD has been developed and an expression for total harmonic distortion of the modulating signal has been derived considering low-level light injection. The total harmonic modulation distortion has been experimentally measured for the RF modulation source and for the injection-locked slave FPLD output after photodetection.  

Third harmonic-induced external second harmonic modulation distortion in injection-locked Fabry-Perot semiconductor laser

This paper unravels some novel observations on the effect of third harmonic input distortion on the second harmonic modulation at the output of a low-level injection-locked (IL) Fabry-Perot laser diode (FPLD) operating at a central wavelength of 1557.1 nm and directly modulated by a distorted sinusoidal fundamental signal. The important observation is that both the fundamental and second harmonic modulation components are suppressed upon illumination. The second harmonic suppression (2H) upon light injection is modified by the additional 2H generated through nonlinear mixing of fundamental and third harmonic (3H) components. At modulation frequencies where the fundamental suppression is less pronounced than the resultant 2H suppression, an overall suppression of second harmonic distortion (2HD) is observed. On the other hand, when the fundamental suppression dominates over the resultant 2H suppression upon light injection, an overall 2HD enhancement is noticed.

Adjacent Channel Beating With Recombined Dual-Mode Colorless FPLD for MMW-PON

By delivering a reference carrier through adjacent dense-wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM) channel to remotely beat with the downstream transmitted optical carrier, a full-duplex millimeter-wave DWDM passive-optical-network (MMW-DWDM-PON) is demonstrated to transmit 36- ${\text{Gb/s}}$ data over 25-km single-mode fiber (SMF) and to remotely deliver a 28-GHz MMW carrier for wireless 6- ${\text{Gb/s}}$ data transmission. Such a remotely recombined dual-mode beating scheme provides baseband 36- ${\text{Gb/s}}$ data with corresponding bit error rate (BER) of 2.7 × 10 −3, which is better than the directly dual-mode injection-locked colorless Fabry-Perot laser diode (FPLD) does because of the less fiber chromatic dispersion during 25-km SMF transmission. In a hybrid 25-km SMF-wired and 1.6-m wireless link, it successfully transmits 4- ${\text{Gb/s}}$ data to fit the forward error correcting criterion. By maintaining the free-space distance at 1.6 m, the allowable raw data rate for MMW wireless transmission can be increased up to 6 ${\text{Gb/s}}$ with BER of 1.9×10−3. For optical baseband upstream transmission, the 36- ${\text{Gb/s}}$ data is also directly encoded onto the upstream colorless FPLD injection-locked by reusing the downstream pure carrier delivered through adjacent DWDM channel, and the received data reveals a BER of 2.9 × 10 −3.

All-optical Flip-flop based on Optical Beating and Bistability in an Injection-locked Fabry-Perot Laser Diode

We report a new all-optical flip-flop (AOFF) with a quite simple structure, using optical beating in an injection-locked Fabry-Perot laser diode (FP-LD) with optical bistability. While conventional AOFF methods using an injection-locked FP-LD require additional devices such as secondary FP-LDs or polarization controllers for reset operation, the proposed method can be implemented using only a single commercially available FP-LD with set and reset signals. The optical beating induces intensity fluctuations inside the FP-LD, and releases the locking state to the reset state. Even though we demonstrated the AOFF at 100 Mbit/s, we expect that its operation rate could extend to 10 Gbit/s, according to the limit of the FP-LD’s frequency response.

Four-Wave-Mixing Suppression of Master-to-Slave Injection-Locked Two-Wavelength FPLD Pair for MMW-PON

The four-wave-mixing (FWM) suppression of a master-to-slave injection-locked two-wavelength Fabry–Perot laser diode (FPLD) pair is investigated from the viewpoint of integrating fiber-optic wired and millimeter-wave (MMW) wireless networks for mobile and satellite communications. This is achieved by shifting the FWM side modes away from the cavity mode to avoid FWM enhancement induced by cavity resonance. Mode-deviated two-wavelength injection from a 900-μm master FPLD to a 600-μm slave FPLD successfully suppresses the resonant FWM side modes to –31 and –35 dBm, which enables the transmission of 18-Gb/s 64-quadrature amplitude modulation orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (QAM OFDM) data with error vector magnitude (EVM), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and bit error rate (BER) values of 6.3%, 24 dB, and 1.6 × 10-4, respectively. The FWM-suppressed 600-μm slave shows lower chromatic dispersion than that of the 750-μm slave. In addition, a 47-GHz MMW carrier remotely beat by the two-wavelength-injected slave enables the transmission of passband 2-Gb/s 4-QAM OFDM data with EVM, SNR, and BER values of 36.3%, 8.8 dB, and 2.9 × 10−3, respectively, after 25-km single-mode fiber wired and 1.6-m free-space wireless transmission.

Wavelength division multiplexing passive optical networks (WDM PONs) With Downstream DPSK and Upstream Remodulated OOK using Injection-Locked Fabry-Perot Laser Diodes (FP-LDs)

Wavelength Division Multiplexing-Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON) system based on the injection locked Fabry-Perot laser diode (FP-LD) has been investigated. The system has been demonstrated without dispersion compensation for both 10Gbps Differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) downstream signal and 2.5Gbps On-off keying (OOK) upstream signal respectively. Error free transmission over 50-km is achieved by tailoring the parameters of the FP-LD. The BER performance of our system shows that the injection locked FP-LD is a low cost effective colourless transmitter for high-speed WDM-PONs. Full Text: PDF References E. Wong, "Next-Generation Broadband Access Networks and Technologies", J. Lightwave Technol. 30(4), 597 (2012). CrossRef F.T. An, D. Gutierrez, K.S. Kim, J.W. Lee, L.G. Kazovsky, "SUCCESS-HPON: A next-generation optical access architecture for smooth migration from TDM-PON to WDM-PON", IEEE Commun. Mag. 43(11), S40 (2005). CrossRef S.-J. Park, C.-H. Lee, K.-T. Jeong, H.-J. Park, J.-G. Ahn, K.-H. Song, "Fiber-to-the-home services based on wavelength-division-multiplexing passive optical network", J. Lightwave Technol. 22, 2582 (2004). CrossRef C.W. Chow, C.H. Yeh, "Using Downstream DPSK and Upstream Wavelength-Shifted ASK for Rayleigh Backscattering Mitigation in TDM-PON to WDM-PON Migration Scheme", IEEE Photon. J. 5(2), 7900407 (2013). CrossRef J. He, D. Yang, L. Chen, "A full-duplex radio-over-fiber system with differential phase-shift keying signals", J. Phys. Conf. 276, 012062 (2011). CrossRef L.Y. Chan, C.K. Chan, D.T.K Tong, E Tong, L.K. Chen, "Upstream traffic transmitter using injection-locked Fabry-Perot laser diode as modulator for WDM access networks", Electron. Lett. 38(I), 43 (2002). CrossRef Z. Xu, Y. J. Wen, C. J. Chae, Y. Wang, C. Lu, Proc. Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC06), JThB72 (2006). C.H. Yeh, C.W. Chow, H.Y. Chen, J.Y. Sung, Y.L. Liu, "Demonstration of using injection-locked Fabry-Pe?rot laser diode for 10?Gbit/s 16-QAM OFDM WDM-PON", Electron. Lett. 48(15), 940 (2012). CrossRef J. H. Lee et al., "Single, Depolarized, CW Supercontinuum-Based Wavelength-Division-Multiplexed Passive Optical Network Architecture With C-Band OLT, L-Band ONU, and U-Band Monitoring", IEEE J. Light. Tech. 25(10), 2891 (2007). CrossRef Q.T. Nguyen et al., "Bidirectional Transmission in Colourless WDM-PON based on Injection-Locked Fabry-Perot Laser at 2.5 Gbit/s using Low-Cost Seeding Source", in: Proc. Eur. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC), Vienna, Austria, Paper 6.5.1, (2009). DirectLink T. Yoshida, S. Kimura, H. Kimura, K. Kumozaki, T. Imai, "A new single-fiber 10-gb/s optical loopback method using phase Modulation for WDM optical access networks", J. Lightw. Technol. 24,786 (2006) CrossRef W. Hung, C.-K. Chan, L.-K. Chen, F. Tong, "An optical network unit for WDM access networks with downstream DPSK and upstream remodulated OOK data using injection-locked FP laser", IEEE Phot. Techn. Lett. 15(10), 1476 (2003). CrossRef OptiSystem Package from Optiwave.

An Optical Millimeter-Wave Generator Using Optical Higher Order Sideband Injection Locking in a Fabry–Pérot Laser Diode

We proposed an optical millimeter-wave generator using a directly modulated optical injection-locked Fabry–Perot laser diode (FP-LD). In the proposed scheme, one of the higher order sidebands of the master laser light, which is generated by modulation of the bias current of the slave FP-LD, is used to injection-lock one of the FP-LD cavity modes. Low-phase noise millimeter wave is generated through the beating of the injection-locked FP-LD output and the injected master laser light. The proposed scheme does not require an external modulator, high-bandwidth devices, strong external optical injection power, or an additional optical filter. The effects of the choice of lower or upper sideband for injection locking, optical injection power, and amplitudes of the ac and dc components of the bias current on the proposed optical millimeter-wave generation scheme are studied. An experimental testbed is also built to realize the proposed optical millimeter-wave generation and its distribution in radio-over-fiber systems.

Hybrid wireless-over-fiber transmission system based on multiple injection-locked FP LDs.

A hybrid wireless-over-fiber (WoF) transmission system based on multiple injection-locked Fabry-Perot laser diodes (FP LDs) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Unlike the traditional hybrid WoF transmission systems that require multiple distributed feedback (DFB) LDs to support different kinds of services, the proposed system employs multiple injection-locked FP LDs to provide different kinds of applications. Such a hybrid WoF transmission system delivers downstream intensity-modulated 20-GHz microwave (MW)/60-GHz millimeter-wave (MMW)/550-MHz cable television (CATV) signals and upstream phase-remodulated 20-GHz MW signal. Excellent bit error rate (BER), carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), composite second-order (CSO), and composite triple-beat (CTB) are observed over a 40-km single-mode fiber (SMF) and a 4-m radio frequency (RF) wireless transport. Such a hybrid WoF transmission system has practical applications for fiber-wireless convergence to provide broadband integrated services, including telecommunication, data communication, and CATV services.

Data Erasing and Rewriting Capabilities of a Colorless FPLD Based Carrier-Reusing Transmitter

The inherent data-erasing functionality of a 10-Gb/s colorless Fabry-Perot laser diode (FPLD) wavelength controlled by reusing a downstream optical carrier with encoded data is explored. By operating the injection-locked colorless FPLD at high dc bias, the unique in situ data-erasing mechanism is attributed to the almost identical power-to-current slope, regardless of optical injection-locking level. When reusing the downstream carrier, the injection-locked upstream colorless FPLD can significantly suppress the extinction ratio of the residual 10-Gb/s downstream data from 7.1 to <; 1 dB. This facilitates direct reuse of the downstream carrier without the need for an additional data eraser. With the data-erasing capability under 0-dBm injection, the carrier-reused upstream transmission successfully delivers on-off keying data up to 10 Gb/s with a signal-to-noise ratio of 6.2 dB and an extinction ratio of 5.4 dB. Even with a downstream injection power value of only -9 dBm, the upstream bit error rate (BER) of such a dual functional colorless FPLD biased at ≥2I th indicates a BER of <; 1 × 10 -10 . This releases the typical demand on high power budget requested for downstream data transmission and carrier reusing. The large parametric tolerances of such a data-erasable and carrier-reusable colorless FPLD transmitter also facilitate its practical application in dense-wavelength-division multiplexed passive optical networks.

WDM‐OFDMA‐PON uplink optical transmission using bandwidth enhanced injection‐locked FP‐LD

ABSTRACTWe propose a scalable support WDM‐based orthogonal frequency division multiple access‐passive optical network uplink transmission system using an injection‐locked Fabry–Perot laser diode (IL‐FP‐LD). This system uses an injection‐locking technique to enhance the usable bandwidth by making stable channel states. By properly controlling the IL‐FP‐LD operation, the number of optical network units (ONU) within a wavelength can be increased, which improves the optical bandwidth efficiency for the uplink transmission. The experimental results show an enhanced modulation bandwidth of 3.5 GHz. Compared with a conventional RSOA which has a modulation bandwidth of 1.5 GHz, our scheme improves the number of ONUs that can be accommodated within a wavelength more than two times. The total discrete multitone signal received from the ONUs, with QPSK mapping on the subcarriers was 6.77 Gbps over a 23‐km standard single mode fiber transmission. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1727–1732, 2015

Phase space of tristability in dual injection-locked Fabry-Perot laser diodes

By using the model of an optically bistable injection-locked semiconductor Fabry-Perot laser diode, we theoretically investigate the case of dual injection-locking, in which the two light signals are simultaneously externally injected into the cavity of a slave laser. We show that dual injection-locking leads to formation of new stationary points, i.e., to optical tristability of the slave laser. We analyze the range of injection power and frequency detuning for which this tristability occurs.

Employing injection-locked FP LDs to set up a hybrid CATV/MW/MMW WDM light wave transmission system.

A hybrid cable television (CATV)/microwave (MW)/millimeter-wave (MMW) wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) light wave transmission system based on injection-locked Fabry-Perot laser diodes (FP LDs) is proposed and demonstrated. Different from conventional hybrid WDM light wave transmission systems, which need wavelength-selected distributed feedback laser diodes to support various services, the proposed systems employ injection-locked FP LDs to provide multiple applications. Over a 40 km single-mode fiber transport, impressive performances of carrier-to-noise ratio/composite second-order/composite triple-beat/bit error rate are obtained for 550 MHz CATV/20 GHz MW/40 GHz MMW/60 GHz MMW signal transmissions. Such a hybrid WDM light wave transmission system would be attractive for fiber links to provide broadband integrated services.

Investigation of Using Injection-Locked Fabry–Pérot Laser Diode With 10% Front-Facet Reflectivity for Short-Reach to Long-Reach Upstream PON Access

In this paper, we propose and investigate an injection-locked Fabry-Perot laser diode (FP-LD) with 10% front-facet reflectivity by using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing-quadrature amplitude modulation (OFDM-QAM) in each optical network unit (ONU) for colorless operation in the carrier-distributed passive optical network (PON). Here, the 10-Gb/s 16-QAM OFDM upstream traffic can be generated via a 2.5-GHz-bandwidth injection-locked FP-LD for the short-reach (SR)-to-long-reach (LR) transmission. In this measurement, the CW injection power of -12 dBm for an injection-locked FP-LD is required to achieve 100-km single-mode fiber (SMF) transmission. Hence, error-free transmissions of 20-, 50-, 75-, and 100-km fiber lengths are achieved with the power penalties of 0.33, 0.86, 1.20, and 1.76 dB at the bit error rate (BER) of 3.8 × 10-3, respectively, for upstream traffic. Moreover, the relationship of CW injection power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of each OFDM subcarrier in the injection-locked FP-LD has also been analyzed.

Performance of Long-Reach Passive Access Networks Using Injection-Locked Fabry–Perot Laser Diodes With Finite Front-Facet Reflectivities

In this study, we use the injection-locked Fabry-Perot laser diodes (FP-LDs) with front-facet reflectivities of 10% and 35% respectively, as colorless optical networking unit (ONU) in long-reach passive optical networks (LR-PONs). Here, the injection-locked FP-LD is directly modulated at 2.5 Gbit/s on-off keying (OOK) and 10 Gbit/s orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) modulations for upstream traffic transmission over 60 km of single-mode fiber (SMF). Different operating parameters for the injection-locked FP-LD to achieve higher data rate transmission are reported.

Optically injection-locked Fabry-Perot laser diodes based radio-over-fiber system for hybrid fiber-wireless access networks

A new radio-over-fiber system for use in hybrid fiber-wireless access networks is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, which is based on cascaded injection-locked Fabry-Perot laser diodes. It is verified that the proposed technique is able to achieve a good suppression ratio of an optical carrier suppressed (OCS) signal simultaneously through a programmable optical filter and by use of optical injection locking technique. A 60 GHz carrier with downlink baseband data has been generated and down converted to baseband signal in order to be characterized in our laboratory.

Simultaneous DPSK demodulation and wavelength conversion scheme for Rayleigh backscattering noise mitigation in WDM-PON

We propose a scheme for mitigating Rayleigh backscattering noise and demodulating differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) signals in wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical networks (WDM-PONs) with injection-locked Fabry-Perot laser diodes (FP-LDs). Signal demodulation and wavelength conversion are simultaneously realized on the basis of the frequency deviation and red shift of longitude modes in the FP-LDs. Experimental results demonstrate that the demodulation and wavelength conversion of 2.5-Gb/s DPSK signals are achieved. A power penalty of about 1.6 dB at a bit error rate of 10-9 is measured after transmission over 25-km single mode fiber.

Injection Power and Detuning-Dependent Bistability in Fabry–Perot Laser Diodes

In this paper, we investigate the range of injection power and frequency detuning for which bistability of the injection-locked semiconductor Fabry-Perot laser diode can be achieved and preserved. The analysis is based on a detailed model of the multimode rate equations and material gain. The stationary analysis shows that there is a region of the injection power and detuning for which the laser has three stationary states. However, the stability analysis shows that for a wide range of injection powers and detuning, the two of three stationary states are stable and provide bistability. One of these states is the result of injection locking, whereas the other is mainly a consequence of the interplay between injection-locked and unlocked modes. The difference of the side-mode-suppression ratio between the stable states is of the order of 20 dB and it can increase with detuning and decrease with mode order.

Tunable C- and L-band erbium-doped fiber ring lasers for performance testing of a wavelength-division multiplexing access network with injection-locked Fabry-Pérot laser diodes

A widely wavelength-tunable erbium-doped-fiber laser (T-EDFL) located at a central office is proposed for the bidirectional high-speed performance testing of wavelength-division-multiplexing access networks in which injection-locked Fabry-Perot laser diodes located at optical network units are used for upstream transmissions. The T-EDFL not only generates laser light for downstream transmission testing, but also serves as the injection source for upstream transmission testing. It has a wide tunable range of 64 nm (1540 to 1604 nm), a high output power of 2.2 dBm, and a good signal-to-noise ratio above 46 dB. For 10-Gb/s downstream and 1.25-Gb/s upstream transmissions over a 10-km single-mode fiber (SMF), power penalties at a bit error rate of 10−9 are less than 0.94 dB and 0.76 dB (1.26 dB and 1.68 dB) for downstream and upstream transmissions at C-band (at L-band) wavelengths, respectively. In the transmissions over a 25-km SMF, the penalties are 2.24 dB and 2.36 dB (3.66 dB and 4.18 dB) at C-band (at L-band) for downstream and upstream transmissions, respectively.